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Acne Cleansing with Tomato and Melon

2010-01-23T16:32:00.000-08:00

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Hi guys, for you who have acne problem, especially caused by excessive oil production in your face, this tips may be useful. Acne problem can be eliminated with outside or inside treatment. Inside treatment, for example with do not eating fatty food, like fried food and high fat milk. Outside treatment can do by many kind of method, from with chemical drug until with natural one, or by traditional method. Naaa, one of traditional tips that believed can solve acne problem is by tomato or melon treatment.
Alright… first, take a tomato (or melon), then split it to 2 side, rub each side to every place in your face. Wait for a moment (30 second until one minute) then wash with fresh water until clean, do this treatment every you wake up in the morning. So simple right?! But it’s work! Believe it, just try!

Oh, one more thing, do not eat the tomato or melon which have been used for treatment above, hehe

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7 Super Great Word

2010-01-23T16:18:00.000-08:00

Baca artikel berikut dalam bahasa Indonesia Read article below in IndonesianThere are 7 super great word which can make we get honorable place in front of Allah and angels, and also can make we get forgiveness of our sin, even though we have a lot of sin like bubbles of the sea, wow!
That seven word are:
1. Says Bismillah when we will doing everything
2. Says Alhamdulillah, when we have been finished doing something
3. Says Astaghfirullah, if our tongue pronoun bad word
4. Says Insya-Allah when we planning something to do for tomorrow
5. Says “La haula wala kuwwata illa billah” when experience something bad or unwanted

6. Says “Inna lillahi wa inna ilaihi raajiun” if facing or receive a disaster or misfortune
7. Says “ Laa ila ha illaAllah, Muhammad rasulullah” in whole days and night, until these word unseparated from his/her tongue.
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Aero Microorganism (Microorganism that Exist in The Air)

2009-12-26T05:53:00.000-08:00

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Are there a bacterium, virus or other micro-organism in the air? The answer: exactly YES! Even there is so many of them. Article below will explain about micro-organism, may exist in the air of our living environment.

Atmosphere consist of 2 main layer, troposphere and stratosphere. Troposphere consist of laminar layer, turbulen layer, outer friction layer and convection layer. Atmosphere contained by particles called aerosol, one of aerosol component is bio-aerosol that contain micro-organism and pollen (Sofa, 2008).

Exactly, there isn’t truly micro-organism that spend all their lives in the air, because organism can’t life and just float in the air. Aero micro-organism sometimes take off to the ground or water as one part of their life-cycle. Aero micro-organism consist of organism that float in the air for a while or carried by wind and dust. When you cough and sneeze, it can forming a bio-aerosol.
Although micro-organism can’t spend all their lives in the air, but in every air sampling always founded a micro-organism (Volk & Wheeler, 1989).

Micro-organism in the air isn’t permanent and they have many variant. Air isn’t medium that micro-organism can life and grow, but air is dust, dew and any particular material carrier. Dust, dew and particular material is possible to be containing micro-organism. Scientist having difficulties during calculate how much (in volume) micro-organism that containing the air. Until in 1989, Volk & Wheeler introduce the simple qualitative method for estimating how much micro-organism containing the air in some place. Volk & Wheeler put a plate of micro-organism medium in some place, then in few minute, some micro-organism will drop to the medium that prepared before. After that, they put the medium in incubator about 1 until 2 days or 24-48 hours, then will appear many colony of bacteria and fungi on the surface of medium.

There is various kind of type and number of micro-organism in air. Its depend on location, weather condition and also human population in these area. Dusty area, almost have high number of aero micro-organism. But, rain, snow and ice rain inclined to decrease the number of micro-organism in the atmosphere, because they bring dust and heavier particle to the ground. Number of micro-organism decreased in surface of sea and high altitude (Volk & Wheeler, 1989)

Irianto (2002), says that the number of aero micro-organism can increased by other pollutant in the air, such as from human breath and mouth that brushed away when cough and sneeze.

Kind of Aero Micro-organism

Although there isn’t micro-organism have original habitat in the atmosphere, but in fact, atmostphere usually contain many kind of micro-organism, they exist in from zero meters until several kilometers air area above earth.

Scientist have to isolate algae, protozoa, bacteria, kind of virus and also micro-fungi from the atmosphere. The example of micro-organism that isolated from town atmosphere is present below:

Height (in meters)	Bacteria (genus)	Fungi (genus)
1.500 – 4.500	Alcaligenes Bacillus	Aspergillus Macrosporium Penicillium
4.500 – 7.500	Bacillus	Aspergillus Clasdosporium
7.500 – 10.500	Sarcina Bacillus	Aspergillus Hormodendrum
10.500 – 13.500	Bacillus Kurthia	Aspergillus Hormodendrum
13.500 – 16.500	Micrococcus Bacillus	Penicillium

Source : Irianto (2002)

Data on the table above is taken from research in several month. The most micro-organism that found are spore of fungi, mainly from Aspergillus genus member. Among micro-organism that founded in these research, there are spore bacteria and un-spore bacteria, positive and negative gram bacillus, and also positive gram cocus bacteria (Irianto, 2002)

Air Composition

Standard air composition that inhaled everyday by us, have knew for long time ago. But also, since air pollution become more complex, these composition may be changed, specially because there are many new and strange components enter to the atmosphere.

From data, we know that standard air composition consist of many chemistry component, they are: Nitrogen, Oxigen, Argon, Carbon dioxide, Neon, Helium, Metana, Cripton, N-Oxide, Hydrogen and Xenon. And also beside component above, there is bio-component, generally they are micro-organism (Suriawiria, 1985).

Source:

Anonim a. 2006. Pengantar Mikrobiologi, (Online),

(http://www.wanna_share.23s9887_apm.html, Access date: February-7-2008).

Darkuni, M. Noviar. 2001. Mikrobiologi (Bakteriologi, Virologi, dan Mikologi). Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang.

Dwidjoseputro, D. 2005. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi. Jakarta: Imagraph.

Kusnadi, dkk. 2003. Mikrobiologi. Malang: JICA.

Schlegel, Hans G, dan Karin Schmidt. 1994. Mikrobiologi Umum edisi keenam. Terjemahan Tedjo Baskoro: Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 6. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Thieman, William J, and Michael A. Palladino. 2004. Introduction to Biotechnology. New York: Benjamin Cummings.

Tim Perkamusan Ilmiah, 2005. Kamus Pintar Biologi. Surabaya: Citra Wacana

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Air Pollution

2009-12-24T13:56:00.000-08:00

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Pollution is the introduction by man into the environment of contaminants that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment. Pollution can be in the form of chemicalsubstances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but are considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels. Pollution is often categorized into point source and nonpoint source pollution.

Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution controls the undesirable waste products from human consumption, industrial production, agricultural activities, mining, transportation and other sources will accumulate or disperse and degrade the natural environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control.

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them for example air pollution. Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, orbiological agent. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems.

Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.

There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred to as pollutants. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone – one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.

Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. Air pollutant emission factors are representative values that attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages.

In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American Air Quality Index) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants.

Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are generally relatively lax. However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution. The basic technology for analyzing air pollution is through the use of a variety of mathematical models for predicting the transport of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby greenhouse gases, create a condition in the upper atmosphere causing a trapping of heat and leading to increased surface and lower tropospheric temperatures. It shares this property with many other gases, the largest overall forcing on Earth coming from water vapour. Other greenhouse gases include methane,hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, NOx, and ozone. Many greenhouse gases, contain carbon, and some of that from fossil fuels.

This effect has been understood by scientists for about a century, and technological advancements during this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of data relating to the phenomenon. Currently, scientists are studying the role of changes in composition of greenhouse gases from natural and anthropogenic sources for the effect on climate change.

This article is contributed by Siska

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Unique Fact in Animal World

2009-12-19T02:02:00.001-08:00

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Animal world is a something interesting to know. There is many unique fact about them. Some of the uniquest fact about animal, will eksplain below:

Who is the strongest animal in the world? Many of you, may be elephant supposed as the strongest animal in the world, but isn’t the fact. Elephant can only lifted an object that 20% weight from his body weight. The strongest animal in the world is the Rhinoceros beetle. He can lifted an object which 850 x his own weight or 85000% heavier than his own body. Incredible!
Do you know, this super bird? It is an Ostrich, the largest living species of bird, growing to a height of approximately 2.4 m (8 ft) and a weight of 150 kg (330 lb). Although flightless, the ostrich can run at speeds as high as 65 km/hr (40 mph). Highly adaptable,
ostriches can be found living in mountainous areas, open savanna, or sandy desert plains. They have omnivorous feeding habits, eating grass, the foliage of trees and bushes, and any small invertebrate and vertebrate animals they can chase down.
Talk about speed, who is the fastest animal? The answer isn’t cheetah, but the fastest animal in the world are family of bird called Falco peregrines, one of eagle species. These bird can fly in 242.3 mph! you can compare with F1 motor racing speed that have average speed just 229 mph. How about cheetah? Its can only running in 70 mph. Falco, its realy fastest organism in the world.
Now, its about the biggest and the smallest animal in the word. The biggest animal still The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), At up to 32.9 metres (108 ft) in length and 172 metric tons (190 short tons)or more in weight. Its very huge! Like the biggest animal, the smallest one is find in ocean too. There is a very little fish, its know as Stout infantfish, its habitat in Australian ocean. Its maximum length just 7 mily meters (mm), hmm so small.

That’s little fact about animal, one group of organism that creating by Allah as a sigh of the HIS power and greatness. Subhanallah

Source:

http://www.hlasek.com/falco_peregrinus_2408.html

http://www.doobybrain.com/2009/03/23/anatomy-of-a-blue-whale/

http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/hercules-beetle-info.htm

http://healing.about.com/od/animaltotems/ig/Animal-Totems-Photo-Gallery/Ostrich.htm

http://lombokijo.co.cc/sejarah-dan-misteri-dunia.html

Tegar satria, unik tapi fakta, book.

"the smallest animal"

"the biggest animal"

"the fastest animal"

"the strongest animal"

"Ostrich, the super bird"

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Artikel biologi dalam bahasa Indonesia yang lainnya, klik disini.

Little about Nervous System

2009-12-17T18:52:00.000-08:00

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When someone hit your body, where the pain come from? How our hand feel pain? What the thing under the skin that can felt pain? How our eyes senses a light, recognize a pictures? How our ears, converting vibration until we can hear a voice? Naa, may you can find the answer in explanation about senses below. These article , will explain to us about Nervous System. A nervous system contain of a million nerve cells which have many type and form. The mechanism of nerve is like a chain, they chain one and other to give and receive aa signal. The main and most cells in the system is called neuron.

Neurons are distinctive in a number of ways, but their most fundamental property is that they communicate with other cells via synapses, which are membrane-to-membrane junctions containing molecular machinery that allows rapid transmission of signals, either electrical or chemical.

All animals more advanced than sponges have a nervous system. However, even sponges, unicellular animals, and non-animals such as slime molds have cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms that are precursors to those of neurons. In radialy symmetric animals such as the jellyfish and hydra, the nervous system consists of a diffuse network of isolated cells. In bilaterian animals, which make up the great majority of existing species, the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Cambrian period, over 500 million years ago (Wikipedia).
Vertebrate animals have a bony spine and skull in which the central part of the nervous system is housed; the peripheral part extends throughout the remainder of the body. That part of the nervous system located in the skull is referred to as the brain; that found in the spine is called the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord are continuous through an opening in the base of the skull; both are also in contact with other parts of the body through the nerves. The distinction made between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system is based on the different locations of the two intimately related parts of a single system. Some of the processes of the cell bodies conduct sense impressions and others conduct muscle responses, called reflexes, such as those caused by pain.

In the skin are cells of several types called receptors; each is especially sensitive to particular stimuli. Free nerve endings are sensitive to pain and are directly activated. The neurons so activated send impulses into the central nervous system and have junctions with other cells that have axons extending back into the periphery. Impulses are carried from processes of these cells to motor endings within the muscles. These neuromuscular endings excite the muscles, resulting in muscular contraction and appropriate movement. The pathway taken by the nerve impulse in mediating this simple response is in the form of a two-neuron arc that begins and ends in the periphery. Many of the actions of the nervous system can be explained on the basis of such reflex arcs, which are chains of interconnected nerve cells, stimulated at one end and capable of bringing about movement or glandular secretion at the other (Encarta).

source:
- www.iqbalali.com/2007/04/29/sistem-syaraf/
- wikipedia.com
- encarta 2006
- etc

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Nudibranch (Sea Slug), the Beauty but Shy

2009-12-08T13:51:00.000-08:00

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Do you ever heard a word ‘sea slug’? yes I guess.. but, how about see this animal with your own eyes ? or touching him? Naah, this article will describing all about sea slug. Sea slug are look likes a teresterial snail but they haven’t a shell, and also, sea slug have a various color that make them so beautiful. Sea slug has another popular name, called Nudibranch. Because of their beauty color pattern and fantastic coloration nudibranch deserve to be called gems of the sea and should inspire jewelry designers (they shouldn't be called "slugs"). Only some polyclad marine flatworms can rival their beauty, although the latter have simpler body architecture. Finding a new nudibranch is always a very special and exciting moment. Nature's boundless creativity, that produced these unpredictable forms and color patterns, keeps surprising and stimulating your imagination.
Nudibranchs cannot be taken away or preserved - they loose their shape and colors. This protects the beautiful creatures from the risk of being fished out by tourists, collectors or for sale. The best way to bring a nudibranch home with you is to take a photograph. They cannot be kept in an aquarium because of their narrow dietary range and maybe other factors (microelements, system stability etc). Even in the sea they are more or less confined within special micro-environments, providing them with specific food and micro-conditions. Reconstructing such micro-environment artificially is a complex research challenge. Therefore, the best way to see them is in their natural habitat - the ocean.

The zoologist, classified this animal into Gastropods class, in phylum of Mollusk. As all other gastropods, they are slow moving bottom dwellers. They have soft bodies and most of them lack an external protective shell. Their secondary gills are exposed outside, as reflected by their neo-latin/greek name "nudibranch" meaning "nude/naked gills". Some nudibranchs have numerous body projections (called "cerata") increasing the overall body surface and enhancing breathing. Nudibranchs carry a pair of horn-like cephalic tentacles or "rhinophores" at the front, that are used primarily as chemosensory organs (sensing chemicals). To protect themselves from predators many developed toxic or bad tasting glands in the skin, and their bright colors warn predators of their horrible taste. Aeolid nudibranchs developed another amazing strategy to protect themselves from predators. They extract nematocysts from the coelenterates on which they feed and store them in the special sacs at the tips of their ceratas called cnidosacs. Nematocysts, located in the specialized cells "nematocytes" of coelenterates, are the stinging weapons used for catching food and for defence. Aeolids steal these weapons and discharge them when needed in their own defence.

The pictures below is an example of Nudibranch and also their anatomical diagram, that I have collected from the internet:

what do you think? So beautiful right? Not only have a fantastic color, in order to camouflage from their enemy, nudibranch also can manipulate their body color follow the color of their environment. Hemmmm, the beauty but shy.

Source:
-Personal experience
- http://www.seaslug.org.uk/nudibranchs/anatomy.html
- http://id.wikipedia.org/
- http://www.sergeyphoto.com/underwater/nudibranchs.html
- Microsoft Encarta Premium

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The Meselson Stahl Experiment

2009-12-04T16:29:00.000-08:00

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In order to increase their number, DNA has taking some process to duplicate them, or we knows those process called DNA Replication. Firstly, there is three models of DNA replication which popular in scientist community, those are:
1. Conservative replication. The parental double helix remain intact (is totally conserved) and some how direct synthesis of a ‘progeny’ double helix composed of two newly synthesized strands.
2. Dispersive replication. A replication in which segment of parental strands and progeny or nascent strands become interspersed through some kind of fragmentation, synthesis and rejoining process.
3. Semi conservative replication.
Each strand of DNA become template for formation of new strand, so in the end of replication process will produce two double helix DNA that each strand have one old strand and the new one.

Three postulate of DNA Replication

(Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DNAreplicationModes.png/300px-DNAreplicationModes.png)

In 1958, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl make a big change in science world. With their eksperimen result, they show to the world that DNA replication is following the semi-conservative postulate.
Meselson and Stahl doing their experiment using radioisotope 15N and 14N. Isotope nitrogen 15N heavier than nitrogen 14N. Meselson and Stahl grew E. Coli cells for many generation in a medium in which the heavu isotope of nitrogen , 15N, have been substituted for the normal, light isotope 14N. the purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA contain nitrogen; thus, the DNA of cells grown on medium containing 15N will have a greater density (weight per unit volume)than DNA of cells grown on medium containing 14N. since molecule of different densities can be separated by procedure called equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation, Meselson and Stahl were able to distinguish between the three possible modes of DNA replication by following the changes in the density of DNA of cells grown on 15N medium and transferred to medium with 14N for various periods of time (so-called density transfer experiment) (Gardner, 1991).
The density of most DNAs is about the same as the density of concentrated solution of heavy salts such as cesium chloride (CsCl). If DNA is present in such a gradient, it will move to the position where the density of the salt is equal to its own density.Thus if the mixture of E.coli DNA containing 15N (heavy DNA) and E.Coli containing 14N (light DNA) is subjected to CsCl Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation, DNA molecules will separate into two ‘bands’, one containing heavy DNA and one containing light DNA.
Meselson and Stahl took cells that had been growing in medium containing 15N for several generation and thus contained heavy DNA, washed them to remove the 15N containing medium and transferred them to the medium containing 14N. After allowing the cells to grow in the presence of 14N for varying periods of time, the DNA have extracted and analyze in CsCl equilibrium-density gradient. The result of their experiment are only consistent with semiconservative replication.
All the DNA isolated from cells after one generation of growth in medium containing 14N had a density halfway between the density of heavy and light DNA. Its intermediate density is usually referred to ‘hybrid’ density. After two generation of growth in medium 14N, half of the DNA was of hybrid density nd half was light. These result are precisely those predicted by a Watson and Crick semiconservative mode of replication (Gardner, 1991).

(Source, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/ Meselson_Stahl.html)

(Source: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/ Meselson_Stahl.html))

Source:
Principles of Genetics (eight edition), Gardner and friend, 1991.
http://iqbalali.com/2007/04/15/6/
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/ Meselson_Stahl.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DNAreplicationModes.png/300px-DNAreplicationModes.png

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Sea Horse, a Carnivore 'Horse'

2009-12-03T01:42:00.000-08:00

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Few days ago, i have watching a 'Jaran Kepang' performance in my town (Malang, East Java). Jaran kepang is a traditional javanesse game, which the player riding a horse toys from bamboos plaiting. It make me wants to write an article about horse. But, i guess, will be better if i write an article about sea horse. Do you know sea horse?
The name is derived from the resemblance of the head to that of a horse. It has long, tubular jaws much like a snout. The body is compressed, with an elongated tail, and the integument (external covering) is a series of large, rectangular bony plates, with a series of spines and projections along the lines of juncture.

These spines, together with the divided, streamerlike fins of some species, give them a strong resemblance to the seaweeds among which they live. About 30 species are found in various warm and temperate seas. All keep near the shore, often developing in brackish water. Like the pipefishes, the males take charge of the eggs, which are placed in an abdominal pouch and remain there until they hatch. The common sea horse of the Atlantic coast of North America is one of the largest species, reaching a length of more than 13 cm (more than 5 in)(Microsoft Encarta).
Sea horses make up the genus Hippocampus in the family Syngnathidae. The common sea horse is classified as Hippocampus hudsonius.

Sea Horse Picture

Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/5512/seahorse.gif

Source:

http://iqbalali.com/2009/08/26/uniknya-kuda-laut/
http://library.thinkquest.org/5512/seahorse.gif
Divegallery.com
Microsoft encharta
Endah, Sri dkk, Avertebrata

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Giant Chromosome

2009-11-30T17:48:00.000-08:00

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Do you ever heard the word: Chromosome? Hehe, yes I think. Chromosome is a nukleat acid molecule that structured by DNA (Deoxiribose Nucleat Acid). The DNA’s are bonded to protein (protein non-histon for procariot) or histon protein (in eucariota), and have ability to make an own-replication (Corebima, 1994). At eucariotic cells, you can find chromosomes in nucleus and also found in certain organels, for example chloroplast for plant cell and mitochondria for animal cell. Chromosome structure in any mitochondrial organism always in double helix form which twine and doesn’t associate with histon or other proteins. In other word, the DNA in naked double helix form (Corebima, 1994). Differing from chromosome in mitochondria, chromosome in eucariot cell nucleus is nucleoprotein which consist of double helix DNA that have associate with histon protein, non-histon protein even RNA too (Gardner, 1991).

Some of insect cell have a giant chromosome, one of them are Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). The giant chromosome found in its salivary glands (Kimball, 1990). This chromosome called as giant chromosome because in fact the chromosome is in interphase and have longer form than metaphase chromosome. This condition make them can easily to see although in interphase, that a regular interphase chromosome can’t be see. Giant chromosome formed by endo-mitosis process, a replication process that make many chromosome but doesn’t breakaway one and other. Giant chromosome structure contain of dark ribbon and light ribbon. The light ribbon consist of eucromatin with distantly winding, but dark ribbon consist of heterocromatin with thickly winding, condensed and taking action in cell duplication process. Generally, a dark ribbon contain a many of DNA (Deoksiribose Nukleat Acid) (Kimbal, 1990).
The giant chromosome is a product form multi-duplication process of chromosome but without cell duplication. This homolog duplicates, a maternal and also paternal, located side by side, so make a form like a cable with many fiber. For example, in Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland, giant chromosome is formed by nine times replication cycle of chromosome.

Well, we will explain the research to find a giant chromosome step-by step:

Tools and materials:
• Light microscope
• Needle
• Flat glass
• Object glass
• Cover glass
• Small knife
• Pipette
• NaCl liquid 0,9%
• FAA
• Acetocarmine
• Larva of Drosophila melanogaster

Procedure:
• Choose third instar of Drosophila melanogaster larva
• Put the larva in flat glass, add NaCl 0,9%
• Cut the larva, and take its head
• See under the light microscope and find its salivary gland (some think looks like small transparent kidney)
• Put the salivary gland that clean from lipid on object glass
• Add FAA until the colour of salivary gland not transparent anymore
• Absorb the FAA scrap with tissue
• Add acetocarmine and cover the specimen with cover glass
• Put under the light microscope
• See! Find the giant chromosome and take a picture of them
Picture:

Source:
Polytene Chromosome, (Online), (www.ucsf.edu/sedat/polytene_chrom.html, access: march, 2007).
Polytene Chromosome (2), (Online), (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytene_chromosome, access: march, 2007)
Polytene Chromosome, Endoreplication and Puffing, (Online), (http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/aimorph/puffing.htm, access: march, 2007)
Polytene Chromosomes from Salivary Glands, (Online), (http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/bi/1994/polytene_chromosomes.html, access: march, 2007)
Corebima, A.D. 1994. Genetika. Malang: UM Press
Gardner, E.J, dkk. 1991. Principles of Genetics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Kimball, W, John. 1990. Biologi Jilid I. Jakarta: Erlangga
Manning, Gerard. 2006. A Quick and Simple Introduction to Drosophila melanogaster, (Online), (www.ceolas.org/fly/intro.html, access: march, 2007)

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Introduction about Bird

2009-08-22T00:57:00.000-07:00

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Bird, animal with feathers and wings. Birds are the only animals with feathers, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors.
Native to Africa, the ostrich, Struthio camelus, is the largest living species of bird, growing to a height of approximately 2.4 m (8 ft) and a weight of 150 kg (330 lb). Although flightless, the ostrich can run at speeds as high as 65 km/hr (40 mph). Highly adaptable, ostriches can be found living in mountainous areas, open savanna, or sandy desert plains. They have omnivorous feeding habits, eating grass, the foliage of trees and bushes, and any small invertebrate and vertebrate animals they can chase down.

This broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus, hovers above a honeysuckle flower, creating its characteristic humming sound with its wings. The specialized skeletal structure of the hummingbird, shared only by its relative the swift, allows its wings to twist. Able to produce 22 to 78 of these wing movements per second, the bird can hover forward and backward while it drinks from a flower. Hummingbirds belong to the Trochilidae family of birds, which contains the smallest birds in the world.
Birds are members of a group of animals called vertebrates, which possess a spinal column or backbone. Other vertebrates are fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded—having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body.

Birds are found worldwide in many habitats. They can fly over some of the highest mountains on earth as well as both of the earth’s poles, dive through water to depths of more than 250 m (850 ft), and occupy habitats with the most extreme climates on the planet, including arctic tundra and the Sahara Desert. Certain kinds of seabirds are commonly seen over the open ocean thousands of kilometers from the nearest land, but all birds must come ashore to raise their young.
The bald eagle was designated as the national bird of the United States in 1782. Its name does not imply a lack of feathers, but instead is derived from the word piebald, meaning “marked with white.” The bald eagle reigns as the second-largest bird of prey in North America, after the California condor.

Cyanocitta cristata This common North American bird possesses a remarkable memory. The blue jay buries scores of acorns, remembering their exact location months later. It lives in wooded areas but forages in the open, eating seeds, fruits, and insects. Although its own cry is harsh, the blue jay can expertly mimic the calls of other birds.
Highly developed animals, birds are sensitive and responsive, colorful and graceful, with habits that excite interest and inquiry. People have long been fascinated by birds, in part because birds are found in great abundance and variety in the same habitats in which humans thrive. And like people, most species of birds are active during daylight hours. Humans find inspiration in birds’ capacity for flight and in their musical calls. Humans also find birds useful—their flesh and eggs for food, their feathers for warmth, and their companionship. Perhaps a key basis for our rapport with birds is the similarity of our sensory worlds: Both birds and humans rely more heavily on hearing and color vision than on smell. Birds are useful indicators of the quality of the environment, because the health of bird populations mirrors the health of our environment. The rapid decline in bird populations and the accelerating extinction rates of birds in the world’s forests, grasslands, wetlands, and islands are therefore reasons for great concern.

This Article is taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006.

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Just Try

2008-08-16T09:28:00.000-07:00

I just trying to writen about biology ini english...!

i hope i can write many article in english,,, yah, it can increase my english, maybe sometimes i became a great scientist exactly biologist who writen in englih, amin!!!! :D
it's just the begining, if you see many mistake in my english, please give me a correction, okay, thank's a lot!

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2007-12-28T15:00:00.000-08:00

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Science and Environmental Sites (recomended):

National Geographic

Flasheart : google earth but more fast :FLASH:

Timesonline/environment

Vimeo.com : your environmental video

TravelIQ : many question in geography and science

Nature.org : Nature Concervacy Official Site

Nongabay.com : Un-ordinary new about environment

Earthshot.org : photo about nature

Google Public Data : the place for all about earth statistic

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2007-12-28T14:09:00.000-08:00

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Biologi

2007-12-28T14:03:00.000-08:00

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